This is a  multi faceted and  dimensional  dicuss  that  will  recourse  sequencetailly  into  the points below. HOWEVER , "  LIKE A WISE GENERAL  NIGERIA  MUST ANTICIPATE ALL EMERGENCIES BE ARMED AT ALL POINTS AND NEVER BE TAKEN BY SURPRISE  IN ACHIEVING   SUSTAINABLE  FOOD  SECURITY" .
The followings are crucial to Food Sustainability :

■–RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT,
■— TRANSGENIC ORGANISM, (GMO )
■— MECHANISATION- (Greater Landmass for commercial farming
■— REDEFINING AGROPRENUERIAL EDUCATION,
■– Pre/Post HARVEST HANDLING. (Food Processing )
●—- FOOD FORTIFICATION
●— ON- THE -FARM STORAGES SILO. private participation.
■—- DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY.
■— CLIMATE CHANGE
■— POPULATION EXPLOSION .
■ — SECURITY SECURITY SECURITY. amongst others.
The most important innovation that could ever happen to Sustainable Food Security is the adequate funding of the various Agricultural Research Institutes Coupled with improvement on the low Budgetary allocation to Agricultural sector of the economy which is currently less than 10% contrary to Maputo Declaration of minimum of 10%. While the pre harvest and post harvest handling is tackled as mentioned below.
In Nigeria, the unemployment rate is about 33.3% ( 2021.) While about 170 Universities and many Polytechnics are churning out yet thousands of graduates annually into unemployment. At this juncture, there is the need to redefine the Entrepreneurial Education in line with the agricultural sectoral demands including introduction of digital platform model and other disruptive Technologies as provided by ICT. Agriculture has been the largest employer of labour overtime with about 55%. providing Food sufficiency of about 22% of the national Food supplies. The pre harvest Agricultural productions are mostly on subsistence level not commercial due to lack of Mechanisation with no adequate post harvest (Processing ) handling .resulting in wastages of about 40% .the attendant wastages is not unconnected with lack of On- the – farm Processing, occasioned by Infrastructural deficit such as Storage, Good road network, Electricity and lack of Agroprenuerial capacity of the teeming youthful population who are expected to drive the MSMSE (the dev/growth engine of national development ) amongst others, as at December 2020 Food Inflation rate was 19.58% (NBS.)
Food Insecurity in AFRICA and Nigeria in particular was as a result of little or dismal attention placed on Post harvest handling (Processing ) by farmers and other stakeholders in Food industries .
The Federal and State governments must play a pivotal role as a platform to train and build capacity of the teeming youthful population , the unemployed graduates and other Food handlers in the Sustainable Food Security and Value Chain Development to stem the current inflation rate of 17.75% (NBS. May 2021)
Limitless employment opportunities abounds for the teeming youthful population in both the pre harvest and post harvest Agricultural activities which are : Handling, Storage, Processing, Packaging, Distribution and Marketing. It is asserted with good authority that without good and result oriented post harvest value chain the whole efforts put into pre harvest farming would be wasteful .
Most often in Africa, the younger generation have no engagement or job placements due to our systemic failure of not investing in their future by harvesting from the experiences of the veterans in various Spheres of business endeavours.
Towards this trend , WUFAS AGR0NET came up with a REDEFINED ENTREPRENEURIAL/ EMPOWERMENT DEMONSTRATIVE SEMINARS ( programmes) to build capacity in the post harvest sector as outlined below. (After Landmass required for. …….. )

RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT through innovations and inventions has changed the narratives in agriculture worldwide coming up with high Yeild and shorter maturity time, increasing the Yeild of pre harvest at relatively lower cost thereby contributing to the GDP earnings and sustainable food security this is what obtains in Netherlands with 41,523 sqkm landmass becoming the 2nd most agricultural exporter in 2020 while Isreal with a landmass of 22.123sqkm is feeding thousands of pilgrims daily and yet export agricultural produce to the Western world.
The followings are the R&D institutions in Nigeria.

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
The above Council was established in 1971 to provide an effective machineries for central coordination of Agricultural Research Council in Nigeria to advise on national science policy and financial requirements for the implementation of such policy in respect of Research and Training in Agricultural science that will promote National economy and the followings :
—- To contribute to research and training carried out by the institutions.
—- To encourage and promote collaboration between those in Nigeria and other Countries.

The Research Institutes are:
●– The COCOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE. For Cocoa, Kolanut (root cutting gave shorter fruiting period and high Yeild ) , Cashew and Coffee.
●— NIGERIA INSTITUTE FOR OIL PALM RESEARCH – To raise quality and value of Oil palm fruits yields and to conduct Research into the production and Processing of oil palm produce. adoption of better methods of extraction. of palm oil and palm kernels.
Nigeria used to dominate here (Palm oil) years back until recently when countries as Indonesia, Malaysia, Netherlands ,Qatar due to improved R&D are now holding sway grossing prime positioning in the international commodity market of Palm oil.
●— FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.
For Food crops such as Yam, Cassava, Sweet potatoes, Rice, Maize, Legumes and Citrus fruits. The responsibility include crops improvement, protection, and nutrition. Plant Quarantine and research in to Rice and root crops.
The Asians are currently dominating in Rice production and export.
●—- FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF FOREST RESEARCH .
To determine the most suitable tree species for planting , improve plantation establishment and management techniques, productivity and disease resistance. Nigeria vegetation types and other resources eg Soil fertility.
●— NIGERIA STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
To study the problem of Nigeria Food crops and export produce. Cutting down looses due to bad storage facilities and pests. eg – Fruits such as Carrots, Mango, Avocados abounds in the first quarter of the year only with little or no storage facilities for off season.
●— FEDERAL FISHERIES DEPARTMENT
Monitoring of Fish resources in Nigeria efficient exploitation and utilisation and training of fishermen in morden fish techniques and current equipment .
Entrepreneus are rearing Catfish in earth and tarpaulin ponds in Nigeria there should be more diversification into other fish species. eg Tilapia etc
●— FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY RESEARCH in animal husbandry, Control of Bacteria , viral and parasitical diseases of Poultry and Livestock.
● FUNDING — With the adequate funding of the various Research Institutes there will be provision of high quality seedlings and other agricultural imputs that could improve the yield and latest farming technology.

■– GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO ) or TRANSGENIC ORGANISM . The coordinating centre is the —
National Centre For GENETIC RESEARCH AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
GMO is a 20th century breakthrough in biotechnological engineering also known as Transgenic organism aimed to combat debilitating rare diseases, feed more people, giving safer and more efficient industrial processes reduce environmental foot print making foods available for all.
— The technique allows the transfer of selected genes for specific trait between species using Laboratory processes.
— It starts with the traditional concept of using germplasm from pool stock of ancestors with desirable traits of interest crossing them with each other for desirable traits of interest to make their progenies.
— It started with animals or plants breeding to tailor a certain characteristics or trait improvement eg crops that will be drought resistant or increase in yield.
● The advance level is the genetic breeding which is fast gaining popularity.
However, the concept of GMO has divided the world into two categories of acceptance and not acceptable. .
Organic farming is traditionally more favoured and Acceptable for export purposes based on natural composite manure (Animal dung, Poultry droppings rich in urea ) when the decomposed composite is applied to crops it releases enough nitrogen through ammonia decomposition for healthier bumper harvest.

AGRICULTURAL MECHANISATION
– A major innovation Nigeria is awaiting is in Commercial farming . Hitherto, farming in Nigeria is on subsistence level. Mechanisation is veryl low in Nigeria, currently, tractor usage is below 50 unit per 1000km of farmland as against 300 unit per 1000km in the developed world.( FAO STANDARD)
Placed more statistically, Nigeria is one of the least mechanised farming nation in the world. The tractor density is estimated at 0.27hp/hectare far below FAO recommended tractor density of 1.5 hp /hectare. Nigeria is rated 132nd out of the 188 nations. (FAO /UN tractor evaluation ).Nigeria needs $3 trillion to bridge the huge infrastructural gap in tractor density. ( Moody investment services )A Global Rating Agency.

 LANDMASS  REQUIRED FOR COMMERCIAL FARMING
 Nigeria is  divided into  six GEOPOLITICAL  zones  with  the following  Landmass  :

• S/W 79665sqkm.
• S/E 29833sqkm
• S/S 77506 sqkm
• N/E 272395 sqkm
• N/W 318132 sqkm
• N/C 158747sqkm
• FCT 7315sqkm.
TOTAL 943595sqkm.
From the above , Nigeria is endowed with abundance of landmass about 70% of which are fertile arable land it’s expedient that Mechanisation will be much achieveable .The agency for land clearing National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA) Should come in here and synergize with River Basin Development Authorities for irrigation to enhance massive mechanised commercial farming in crops with comparative advantage to various zones .

REDEFINING AGROPENUERAIL EDUCATION. —
THE RUDIMENTARY ETHICS OF FOOD PROCESSING are Water treatment, Quality Control concept (QMS ), Food mgt System, Food Preservation , Packaging, Programme model, Storage, Distribution and Marketing etc.
To be globally competitive in Food Processing there are “Ethics ” that will result in International Best Practices if sequencetailly adopted. eg
-Water treatment , The World Health Organization standard must be adhered to. It is globally recognised that poor water quality will produce poor quality products. hence the need for adequate understanding of water treatment.

• Food management system – this includes Food laws, Personal Hygiene, Hygienic manufacturing practice and utensils etc
• Food Preservation – for longer shelve life
• Food Packaging – various packaging functions exisit as for mechanical handling, ,Prevention against natural elements eg oxygen, Moisture, temperature as well as aesthetics values enhancement etc
• Quality control – Quality assurance
• Cost control
• Risk Management – HACCP. ETC ETC

FOOD PROCESSING OPERATIONS through Human Capital Development in FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (CWG in the thematic area of Nutrition )Nigeria is ranked 158th out of 189 countries of the world in Human Development Index (HDI).
In the Demonstrative section of the programme trainees are brought to terms with application of various Unit Operations ( equipment ) in food processing that will convert the raw food crops materials into manufactured and bye – products eg Filtration, Distillation, Mixing, Pasteurization, Cooling, Milling , Saccharification , Fermentation etc.
Avenues for agroprenuerial activities are limitless such as :
Food Processing in various classes of Foods eg Beverages, Dairy products, Cereals Technology, Milling, Oil extraction, roots chips and extraction,
● Take Dairy for instance, Milk Derivatives (value chains ) are many and extremely profitable commercially. We have Yoghurt with multiple brands such as
— Drinking yoghurt a very popular drink it could be sweetened or sugar free both have huge market.
— Greek/Set Yoghurt, this is a semi solid and sugar free table delight .
— Fruits Yoghurt, the fermentation takes place in the container like Greek Yoghurt garnished with assorted fruits.
— Stirred Yoghurt is with thick consistency – best scooping.
— Frozen yoghurt a nutritionally balanced alternative to the ice cream.
Other derivatives of milk are different types of cheese, Butter and Sour cream.
Other commercial avenues in pre harvest are:
●Cassava value chain include Industrial commodities :
— Cassava flour an adjunct in wheat flour Milling.
— High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF). A laboratory / pharmaceutical specifications.
— Sweetner
— Ethanol etc.
● Cereals Technology

• Wheat Value Chain includes Bread Flour, Pasta noodles ,Semolina ,Biscuits and Confectionery.
  ● – Soybeans value chain include Food, Fibre, Edible oil and Fuel .
  ■— FOOD FORTIFICATION
  Large percentage of the world’s population today is undernourished due to Inadequate diet this trend is on the increase as indicated in the world population projection.
  Principal dietary deficiency are animal protein, vitamins, minerals and lipids etc. However, R&D efforts have been devoted to preparation and making these and some enhancers such as flavours, colours, emulsifier etc. Available as dietary supplements for inclusion into industrial processed Foods as evident on the labels of processed Foods as ingredients. eg Soybeans is fortified from the natural beany taste into agreeable milky taste.
  The list is endless.

ON – THE – FARM (SILO ) STORAGES by private participations
● Stock piling Food crops / stuff for sale due to seasonality of production and irregularities in agricultural products . Poduce are usually procure at peak seasons when prices are cheap to be sold at off season at higher prices thereby creating consumers satisfaction and ensuring more jobs in storage, distribution and marketing activities.
Others include sales of Agrochemicals and other farming imputs.
-● Primary Processing as in Processing of roots , tubers and cereals crops into dried chips and flours. Such as Garri processing, Starch, Beverages and others. Fisheries, Poultry, Animal husbandry and feed mills are other avenues for agroprenuerial activities. Further more on the primary Processing we have Smoked dried fish, Fruits and vegetables Processing and packaging for exportation.
In more advanced Food Processing ,we have production of concentrate from fruits , vegetables and Cereal . eg from Soghium we have glucose powder or syrup, flavour concentrate from Orange, peach, Strawberry etc. Malted barley is brewed into alcoholic beverages. .
● Provision of services such as Consultancy or advisory services in agro allied industries.
● Machinery and equipment maintenance, leasing and sales to stakeholders in agro allied.
— The youths are very essential in the road map to post harvest management they could be direct agent and sustainable post harvest managers and stakeholders.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION TO FOOD SUSTAINABILITY.
Drones progenies of Artificial Intelligence (AI ) for farm surveylance and others such as IoT, Block Chain Development, Big Data etc are being effectively deployed to increase yields.
● Crowd FUNDING of the various Agricultural financing is being facilitated by Digital technology.

CLIMATE CHANGE
The effects of Climate change on agriculture is enormous causing the problems of carbon emissions resulting in Desertification, Flooding, excessive heating up due to receding Ozone layer causing constant damage to electricity etc . To mitigate these the world energy sources are now going green – solar power systems, Hydro power electricity, Windmill , Electric cars etc are the panacea. Nigeria must take the advantages of Green bond issuance for adequate Mitigation.

POPULATION EXPLOSION
The growth rate is about 2.6% .Nigeria’s population is now in excess of 200million. Feeding the ever increasing population is hardous task. which requires all hands on the deck to provide the Tripple ‘A’ of Availability, Acceptability and Affordability of good quality food for all in line with 2030 UN agenda in Food Sustainability for all. Principal of which are fertile arable land, improved seedlings, Mechanisation and Irrigation by abandoning subsistence farming for mechanised Commercial farming. All these must be backed up by building Capacity in Food Processing Technology.

However, the funding of R&D by the Federal /State government is sacrosanct while the resultant innovations and inventions of proven Technologies should be commercialised .

SECURITY SECURITY SECURITY .

CONCLUSION
■ Digital platform model must be embraced through proper education.
■ Agroprenuerial Empowerment for the youths will provide the necessary engine room for sustainable development.
■ Development of the Core Working Group (CGS) is sacrosanct to Sustainable development in Food Security.

At WUFAS AGR0Net, We are Competent and Reliable Food Processing Technologists into Human Capital Development Consultancy in Food Processing Technology enhancing Global Competitiveness and International Best Practices for the startups, the teeming youthful population, unemployed graduates, propreneurs and other Food handlers in Food Processing industries through our Entrepreneurial / Empowerment Demonstrative Seminars in FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY. Ensuring sustainable food security in line with UN 2030 agenda in Food for all. Contact us today 08034064270, 08157784430 . Fb page WUFAS AGRONET. Email wufasagronet@gmail.com .

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